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Exhibit 1: Markup language Ģ 2 z 316 athens ga Home of the University of Georgia 100,000 located about 60 miles Northeast of Atlanta 33 57' 39' N 83 22' 42' W SGML is a vendor-independent International Standard (ISO 8879) that defines the structure of documents. SGML s usefulness is based upon both recording text and the meaning of that text. Note also the latitude and location of the city are explicitly identified with appropriate tags. Thus, the reader a person or a computer is left in no doubt as to meaning of Athens, Georgia, or 100,000. Note also that the city's name, state, and population are identified by specific tags. In the following example, the markup tags indicate that the text contains details of a city. A markup language embeds information about a document within the document's text.

The Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) is designed to reduce the cost and increase the efficiency of document management.

firm, it is estimated that document management consumes up to 15 percent of its revenue, nearly 25 percent of its labour costs, and anywhere between 10 and 60 percent of an office worker s time. A result of this rethinking is XML, but before considering XML we need to learn about SGML, the parent of XML. But because EDI was developed in the 1960s, another approach is to reexamine the technology of data exchange. The simplest approach is to use the Internet as a means of transporting EDI documents. Consequently, the Internet has become the electronic transport path of choice between trading partners. The Internet is a global network potentially accessible by nearly every firm, with communication costs typically less than those of traditional EDI. Firms adhering to the same standard can share data electronically. The main standard used in the United States and Canada is known as X.12, and the major international standard is UN/EDIFACT. Standards mean that routine electronic transactions can be concise and precise.

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In contrast to the free form of messages, EDI supports the exchange of repetitive, routine business transactions. A structured format is used to exchange common business documents (e.g., invoices and shipping orders) between trading partners. EDI supports the electronic exchange of standard business documents and is currently the major data format for electronic commerce. Electronic data interchange (EDI), the traditional data exchange standard for large organizations, is giving way to XML, which is likely to become the data exchange standard for all organizations, irrespective of size. Data exchange has long been an issue in information technology, but the Internet has elevated its importance. Subsequent chapters expand upon the XML basics with multiple-entity examples and a one-to-one relationship, a one-to-many relationship, or a many-to-many relationship. The first chapter introduces the reader to the XML document, XML schema, and XML stylesheet with a single entity example. The foundational XML chapters in this book are structured by a 'data model' approach. The purpose of this book is to address XML, a technology for managing data exchange. 1 1 z 316 XML - Managing Data Exchange/Print version Note: current version of this book can be found at Learning Objectives define the purpose of SGML, HTML, and XML There are four central problems in data management: capture, storage, retrieval, and exchange of data.

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